PowerPoint Group Slide - Discourse Based Approach

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4 Types of Register :)

Register types

Register can be separated into four categories: FAMILIAR, INFORMAL, FORMAL and CEREMONIAL. The following will explain each category and provide a corresponding example.

'Familiar'

This register is normally used between people who know each other well. Features of this register show a lack of grammar, spelling, punctuation and  usually contains slang and jargon.

For example:

Hey,

Will arrive evening. Did not catch bus.

Later

John

'Informal'

Generally journalism and occasionally academic writing use this register. When using an informal register, there is usually a close relationship between the writer, audience and topic with a degree of casualness. However, care must be taken in order not to mistake informal for familiar registers. The features of this register are different from the familiar register as more care is taken with grammar etc. However, the tone is conversational, using colloquial language, compared to the formal register.

For example:

While I was on my way to the Science Lab., a thought struck me that perhaps all that we think is possible, may not be. For example, a  friend and I were contemplating the prospect of dumping our classes and hanging out in our favourite café instead. We found that what we thought was possible, actually wasn't as our lecturer intervened on our way, ending up that we attended class anyway. Does this mean that what we originally thought was possible, can't be, as something will always intervene?  How does this affect prediction and planning?

'Formal'

A formal register is neither colloquial nor personal and is the register that is mostly used in academic writing. It is a register where strong opinions can be expressed objectively, it does not break any of the rules of written grammar and often has a set of rules of what not to do when using this register. The following extract is from Crystal's book: A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics (Crystal, 1997).

For example:

Several stages of development have been distinguished in the first year of a child's life when it develops the skills necessary to produce a successful first word. According to Crystal (1997), primitive vocal sounds are displayed within the first two months with basic features of speech such as the ability to control air flow and produce rhythmic utterance. Sounds such ascooing, quieter sounds with a lower pitch and more musical develop between six and eight weeks of age. Cooing dies away around three and four months and then a period called vocal play develops; an experimental stage, where a baby has more control and experiments with vocal practice.

'Ceremonial'

Modern academic writing rarely uses this register. Sometimes, it may be encountered when reading transcripts of speeches or historical documents. Often, misunderstandings in recognizing the difference between ceremonial and formal registers occur when writers are experimenting with new vocabulary. A dictionary will help you make the right choices and reading academic texts will help you become more familiar with the appropriate choices.

For example:

I stand on this rostrum with a sense of deep humility and great pride - humility in the wake of those great architects of our history who have stood here before me, pride in the reflection that this home of legislative debate represents human liberty in the purest form yet devised.

Here are centered the hopes and aspirations and faith of the entire human race.

(General MacArthur's Address to Congress April 19, 1951: Old soldiers never die they just fade away extracted from the American Experience homepage)

What is Discourse Analysis?

How to do Foucauldian Discourse Analysis

Discourse Analysis Genre, Modality, Register & Participants

This video explain how the concepts genre, modality, register, and participant frameworks 
are used in discourse analysis.

Citation and reference :

Grammar in english. (n.d.). Retrieved from 

http://www.grammarinenglish.com/idiomsphrases/

Connectives - Parts of speech - Knowledge of Language. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/knowledgeoflanguage/english/partsofspeech/connectives/

conversational gambit - Everything2.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://everything2.com/title/conversational+gambit

Lexical chunk | TeachingEnglish | British Council | BBC. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/lexical-chunk

Simile - Examples and Definition of Simile. (n.d.). Retrieved from 

http://literarydevices.net/simile/

BBC World Service | Learning English | Learn it. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv351.shtml

Learn English - Lexis: Perception 1

Journals and Articles: 

Biber, D., et al. "Lexical bundles." Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman (1999). 

Sinclair, J. O. H. N. "Contrastive lexical semantics." (1998): 1-24. Hsu, Jeng-yih. "An Analysis of the Multiword Lexical Units in Contemporary ELT Textbooks." Online Submission (2006). 

Esimaje, Alexandra Uzoaku. "A Descriptive Survey of the Character of English Lexis in Sermons." SAGE Open 4.4 (2014): 2158244014563044. 

Esimaje, Alexandra Uzoaku. "Register Variation and the Multi-word Item." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 2.1 (2012): 97-104. 


 Book: 

Javier Ruano-Garcia. Early Modern Northern English Lexis: A Literary Corpus-Based Study

every terms and meanings for every single thing we apply in everyday life has a story or LEGEND behind the grandeur of it's creation. Michel Foucault is the founder of the term discourse. 

What is Lexis?

Lexis is the total word-stock or lexicon that has lexical items rather than lexical meaning (grammar). It has several characteristics such as it is formulaic (it relies on partially fixed expressions and highly probable words combinations), idiomatic (it follows conventions and patterns for usage), metaphoric (concepts such as time and money, business and sex, systems and water all share a large portion of the same vocabulary), grammatical (it uses rules based on sampling of the Lexicon and register-specific (it uses the same word differently and or less frequently in different contexts). 

Types of Lexis

1. Lexical Chunks  

A lexical chunk is a group of words that are commonly found together. Lexical chunks include collocations but these usually just involve content words, not grammar.

Example

In this dialogue there are five possible chunks:

- Did you stay long at the party?

- No, I got out of there as soon as they ran out of food.

Lexical chunks are the common coinage of English. They’re the bread and butter, the everyday and the mundane. They’re the reliable standards around which we can hang poetic and emotive language.

Focusing on lexical chunks is a useful way to look at language and to extend learners' control of it. For example, learners can spend a little time at the end of a reading comprehension exercise identifying chunks in the text and analyzing them, or identifying other contexts they might be found in.

2. Collocation 

Collocations are words that habitually or typically occur together. There are verb + adverb collocations like wave frantically (not wave hecticly). There are adjective + noun collocations like regular exercise (not steady exercise). There are adverb + adjective collocations like completely or wholly satisfied (not utterly satisfied). And there are verb + noun or verb + object collocations like follow someone's example (not pursue someone's example).

Example 

1. the fast train

2. fast food

3. a quick shower

4. a quick meal

5. I took him to the hospital 

6. Take plenty of warm sweaters

3. Idioms

An idiom is a group of two or more words which we have to treat as a unit in learning a language. We cannot arrive at the meaning of the idiom just by adding together the meaning of the words inside it. [to carry out = execute]

Example 

1. A hot potato

2. A penny for your thoughts

3. Actions speak louder than words

4. Add insult to injury

5. An arm and a leg

6. At the drop of a hat

4. Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison. 

We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like “John is as slow as a snail.” Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the slowness of John is compared to that of a snail. The use of “as” in the example helps to draw the resemblance. Some more examples of common similes are given below.

Examples

Our soldiers are as brave as lions.

Her cheeks are red like a rose.

He is as funny as a monkey.

The water well was as dry as a bone.

He is as cunning as a fox.

5. Connective 

Connectives are sometimes known as conjunctions. The word 'connective' just explains more simply that these words link or connect other words, phrases or clauses.

There are 2 types of connective 

1. Co-coordinating connectives

These link words, phrases or clauses which are of equal importance. These connectives include words such as 'but', 'and','so'. 

2. Subordinating connectives

These link a main clause with a subordinate (or dependent) clause.These connectives include words such as 'if', 'although', 'when', 'while', 'since', 'because'.

6. A Conversational Gambit

A conversational gambit is a opening used to start a conversation with someone you don't know. Often this is called, "chatting up" or maybe "hitting on" someone; but sometimes it's just wanting to talk.

Common conversational gambits are:

Talking about the weather. ("Hot enough for you?")

Talking about sports. ("How 'bout them Cowboys?")

Talking about movies. ("Did you see the new Star Wars movie?")

Talking about jobs. ("So, what do you do?")

Talking about college majors. ("What's your major?")

Visit this slide share for general explanation about Lexical Approach. http://www.slideshare.net/JolexM/the-lexical-approach-10373311?related=2

Lexical Approach

Language Registers Summary

Language Registers (A brief explaination)

GROUP 6
DISCOURSE-BASED APPROACHES

DISCOURSE-BASED APPROACHES

It is framework that built to help language learner became competence of the language based on requirement that needed the language to be obtain. 

The main function is to give an efficient way to learn the language which contribute in understand the meaning of language and giving a real life communication situation.

IDENTIFYING GENRE

Communicative purpose

Essential part of identifying genre which falls into certain categories which fulfil the purpose of learning the language.

Communicative purpose became more complex when the fields came with multiple situation.

ANALYSING REGISTER

Register also known “form of language customarily used in particular circumstances” (oxford dictionary) 

Analysis that required you to giving crucial on details on tone, level of language and any specialized language which is important that contribute information about register.

TYPES OF LEXIS 

Semantics- meanings	Metaphor-   comparison (is)	Personification-         giving an object human qualities/attributes
Pragmatics-   implied meaning	Simile-        comparison (as, like)	Context-      time and place surrounding a text
Denotation-literal meaning	Mentonym-             where the attribute of a subject stands for something else	Irony-          saying or writing the opposite of what is actually meant
Connotation-   words/meanings	Pathetic Fallacy-        where the weather reflects the mood	Bathos- comedy derived from the serious then turned into the ridiculous i.e Scary Movie
Figurative Language-       language that uses a metaphor	Imagery-            creating pictures in the reader's mind	Archaic-           language features that are no longer in use
Synonym-          words that mean the same thing (Start-Go)	Determiner-      indicate quality or identify the noun      (one, two, three etc)	Text-   anything you can read
Antonym-           opposite words (Start-Finish)	Metalinguistics-  words we use to describe words  i.e nouns	Synchronic Variation-        change in language at one time-different         uses by different people
Intensifier-     particular type of adverb	Creole-     a new hybrid language	Diachronic Variation-     change in language over time     (Gay Gay Gay)
Exothoric Reference-  these are references to the wider situation or context to things outside the text.	Diadactic-form in which you speak	Genre- type/category of a text Travelogue for set texts
Satire- a text, which illustrates something ludicrous by use of exaggeration. This is normally over something political.  i.e A Modest Proposal expressing the unfairness of the English ruling the Irish, disease spread and a increased amount of people died resulting in rumours of cannibalism.	Conventions- features in the text i.e film noir = femme fatale	Parenthesis- a pair of signs to mark off a bit of a sentence, separating it from the syntactic structure but not affecting the sentence as a whole.  Ex. William Smith-        you must know him- is coming tonight.
Parody- a usually humorous imitation of a text or a situation for comic effect or to ridicule it	Intertexual Reference- when a text makes an implied explicit reference to another text	Pentameters- a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet
Ideology- a set of beliefs, ideas etc	Juxtaposition- an act or instance of placing close together or side by side esp. for comparison or contrast	Enjambement- the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no        pause
Cataphoric Reference- when the text refers to something forward	Emotive language- language that is        intended to produce an emotional response i.e heartwarming	Oxymoron- contradicting words or phrases brought together
Anaphoric Reference- when a word or phrase refers to something earlier in the text-often uses pronouns	Pun-  humorous play on words that depends on a word or phrase having a double meaning	Dramatic Irony- when something is        said and has a deeper meaning or significance
Taboo language-  words that are avoided because they are considered offensive, embarrassing, obscene or unpleasant	Repetition-occurs when a word or phrase is repeated	Form-way in which the text is structured
Typology- classification according to a general type	Paradox- an opinion or statement contrary to commonly accepted opinion	Hyperbole- an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally, as “to wait an eternity.”

References

Webites: 

http://applij.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/2/195.short

http://www.slideshare.net/husainabdulhay/discourse-based-approaches-to-langauge-learning-and-teaching

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/bpl_images/content_store/sample_chapter/9780631224181/scollon.pdf

https://books.google.com.my/books?id=uB-QtADevzMC&pg=PA49&lpg=PA49&dq=analysing+register&source=bl&ots=NrXaVqbgtO&sig=Ja0mT0IAZWxC5S4kwTl0XM3qRMM&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=analysing%20register&f=false

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